pwm
7 pages across tutorials, modules, pinouts and guides.
PCA9685 16-Channel Servo Driver: Sixteen Servos on Two I²C Wires
A PCA9685 board that keeps sixteen servo pulses running by itself while the microcontroller talks to it over I²C. Servo power on V+ from USB-C or a screw terminal, the chip on VCC, six address pads, and a header on each edge so boards plug into each other. Three boards a box, headers soldered.
4″ 7-Segment LED Display with 74HC595
The newer 4-inch digit, with a PWM pad for dimming (the earlier version had none). Its own shift register, six signal wires from your board, a 12 V supply for the segments, and modules that plug into each other to make longer numbers.
Dual Bright LEDs
Two 5730-size white LEDs on a TinkerBlock board, one warm (3000K) and one cool (6500K), each switched by its own S8050 transistor with a 10 Ω resistor from VCC. A pin for each colour, PWM for brightness and for every white between the two. VCC may be 5 V on a 3.3 V board; on 5 V, cap the PWM at two thirds.
Passive Buzzer
A magnetic buzzer with no oscillator of its own, switched by a transistor on a TinkerBlock board. It sounds only while SIGNAL is a square wave, at the wave's frequency, so tone() plays any note; it is loudest at its 2.7 kHz resonance. Held HIGH it is silent and the coil draws about 200 mA.
RGB LED
A red, a green and a blue LED in one 5 mm package, each with its own 1 kΩ resistor and its own pin, joined at a common cathode. Three PWM pins mix any colour, and the handbook works out why three equal numbers are not white.
Vibration Motor
A 10 mm coin vibration motor on a TinkerBlock board, switched by a MOSFET and fed from the board's own 3.3 V regulator. SIGNAL HIGH buzzes, LOW stops, analogWrite sets the strength. VCC only feeds the regulator, so 5V on VCC is safe beside a 3.3 V board, and 3V3 or 5V both give the motor about 3.3 V.
XL LED
A 10 mm blue LED with its 150 Ω resistor already fitted, driven by one pin: the first output most people ever drive, and the light every later lesson uses to show that something happened.