You can't see electricity. That's the whole problem.
So here it is, drawn. Move the slider and watch what a resistor actually does to a circuit.
The three numbers everything else is made of, the one equation that ties them together, and the schoolmaster who was called a fraud for finding it.
The part you reach for most, in the four arrangements that cover almost every circuit.
The first thing everybody wires up, and the first thing everybody destroys.
Two plates and a gap nothing crosses. It blocks a steady voltage, passes a changing one, and every board you own has a dozen of them holding the rail up.
3.3 V against 5 V, and how much current the whole board actually draws.
The part that only lets current through one way — charges about 0.7 V for the privilege, holds a fixed voltage when you push it backwards hard enough, and can be talked into storing a number.
A pin can drive 20 mA. Everything bigger needs a part in between — three legs, two flavours, and one number to get right.
The switch you turn with a voltage instead of a current. Four short pages, mostly moving pictures, ending with the one word on the datasheet that decides whether it works from a 3.3 V pin.
The part that will not let its current change. Four pages on a coil of wire, what it stores, the rating that is not about heat, and the circuit the whole site has been telling you to use instead of a linear regulator.
Power and protection
Fuses, ideal diodes, TVS and lithium cells — every part that sits between a supply and something you would rather not replace. 11 pages, with part numbers.
11 articles →The other fundamentals trackWorkshop
The hand skills. Soldering a joint that lasts, and reading the ones that will not. 2 pages, no circuit required.
2 articles →Next, in the ESP32 bookWires on the board
How two chips agree on what a line means, sorted by what it costs you in pins
9 articles, no board required →Next, in the ESP32 bookMessages on the network
Once there is no wire left to agree about, the question is who talks first
5 articles, no board required →