What five LEDs draw

Twelve milliamps a colour

There is no resistor to pick on this bar. The chip in each LED holds each colour at a constant 12 mA at full brightness, across its supply range. So the current is a count:

• one colour at full: 12 mA;
• one LED at full white: 36 mA;
• all five at full white: 180 mA, plus about 0.3 mA each for the chips, about 182 mA.

The WS2812 figure usually quoted, 60 mA per LED, is 20 mA a colour. It belongs to other parts. On this bar it would overstate the current by two thirds.

Brightness is a share of time

A colour at 128 is not a smaller current. It is the full 12 mA switched on for about half the time, more than a thousand times a second. Your eye averages it, and so does the supply. So the current scales with the value: 40 out of 255, the build sketch's brightness, is about a sixth.

A library's setBrightness() scales every value before it is sent, so it is the one line that caps the current whatever the rest of the sketch asks for.

Against a USB port

A computer's USB 2.0 port is meant to supply 500 mA. The bar at full white takes about 182 mA of that, which is fine alone. Add an ESP32-S3 transmitting on Wi-Fi, which peaks near 340 mA, and the total passes 500 for a moment. The usual result is a board that resets when the LEDs go bright.

At the sketch's brightness of 40 the bar takes about 30 mA at most, and the question goes away. For full white on a Wi-Fi project, feed VCC from its own 5 V supply and join its ground to the board's.